how did thomas r gray describe nat turner

This electronic online edition is based on the first edition, published at Baltimore, MD, in November 1831. Indeed, Sundquist wrote, given its formative role in the course of African American cultural history and both anti- and proslavery argument, it is hard to imagine why Turners Confessions should not be accorded the same attention granted, say, Emersons Self-Reliance or Thoreaus Civil Disobedience.'. Even though Turners situation was a unique one, slave owners at the time had to recognize the potentiality for violence iven the peculiar mix of social, psychological, and racial tensions shaping life on the antebellum plantation thus required a certain logic with which threats to that way of life might be explained (Browne, 316). Source: Thomas Gray, The Confessions of Nat Turner: The Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. As Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas R. Gray, in the Prison Where He Was Confined, November 5, 1831. Instead it seems more likely that Brantley was drawn by Turners millennialism, Turners ability to convert Brantleys heart, and Turners success in stopping the outbreak of a disease where blood oozed from Brantleys pores. Turner immediately understood this peculiar event as a signal from God that the time to begin the revolt had arrived. The negroes found fault, and murmurred against me, saying that if they had my sense they would not serve any master in the world.. Working through a white recorder, Turner used the vehicle of the confessions to impose his prophetic voice on the narrative of the event. How did Thomas R Gray describe Nat Turner? Though Turner was an educated slave, the voice portrayed in the text is of someone with a more superior education. After his revolt was violently suppressed by local whites and the Virginia state militia, Nat Turner went into hiding but was eventually captured, tried, and hanged. Filmmaker and actor Nate Parker portrays Southamptons most famous son as a warm, encouraging preacher, in the words of the New Yorkers Vinson Cunningham. In 1827 he had 23 taxable slaves. But he himself only ever lived in Southampton. It was intended by us to have begun the work of death on the 4th July last, Turner noted. When he was in the woods, the Holy Spirit appeared to Turner and ordered him to return to the service of my earthly masterFor he who knoweth his Master's will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes, and thus, have I chastened you. When the slaves heard Turner quote the slaveholders favorite passage from Luke, the slaves themselves rejected Turners claims to prophesy. Dont know where to start? If Styrons novel inspired lay readers to wonder about Turner, it also had a profound impact on scholarship, inspiring an outpouring of books, articles, and document collections that stress the multiplicity of perspectives on the event. Turner believes that the signs indicate Christ "was now returning to earth again in the form of dew" and "the great day of judgment" had arrived (pp. Thomas R. Gray secures a copyright for his pamphlet. How are Thomas Jefferson and George Washington different? A deeply religious man, he "therefore studiously avoided mixing in society, and wrapped [him]self in mystery, devoting [his] time to fasting and praying. Efforts to canonize the original Confessions of Nat Turneras a great work of American literature in the 1990s reflected its rising stature within the academy. Local lawyer Thomas R. Gray approached Turner with a plan to take down his confessions. Brendan Wolfe, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, accessed 30 Oct. 2010. An eclipse of the sun in February 1831 inspired Turner to confide in four fellow enslaved men: Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam. The biggest was led in 1831 by Nat Turner, a Virginia slave preacher, whose rebels killed 60 whites before he was captured and hanged.. For his effort, he received the 1968 Pulitzer Prize in fiction, but there was also an angry backlash from Black readers who accused Styron, a white southern male whose grandmother had been an enslaver, of racism, especially in his depiction of Turners lust for and killing of a white woman. Corrections? The Church in the Southern Black Community. . Grays chilling reaction to Turners confession suggests the type of panic this document created amongst whites slaveholders throughout various parts of the United States. By continuing, you agree to our Terms and Conditions. 12. What factors led to the ultimate defeat of Nat Turner? how to and when to commit this slave revolt. Your Privacy Rights Nat Turner was born on October 2, 1800, in Southampton County, Virginia, the week before Gabriel was hanged. Gray attached a sworn statement signed by six members of the county court, certifying that the confessions were read to Turner in their presence and that Turner acknowledged the same to be full, free, and voluntary. Gray verified that he recorded the confessions of Turner with little or no variation, from his own words. As for the sincerity and truthfulness of the prisoner, Gray said he cross-examined Turner and found his statement corroborated by the confessions of other prisoners and other circumstances. Thomas R. (She was found next to a pile of bodies). question, I suggest you search "The Confessions Of Nat Turner by He did find a survivor who was a 12-year-old girl who gave him a recounting of what happened there. Nat Turner (1800-1831) was known to his local "fellow servants" in Southampton County as "The Prophet." On the evening of Sunday, August 21, 1831, he met six associates in the woods at Cabin Pond, and about 2:00 a.m. they began to enter local houses and kill the white inhabitants. In two days and nights about 60 white people were ruthlessly slain. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. He began to exert a powerful influence on many of the nearby slaves, who called him the Prophet.. Why was Thomas Johnson famous for Maryland? The repercussions of the rebellion in the South were severe: many slaves who had no involvement in the rebellion were murdered out of suspicion or revenge. Spring of 1831, his family lost essentially all of their taxable slaves, its assumed they were forced to sell them because theres no records of them ever freeing anyone. In the book Nat Turner: a Slave Rebellion on History and Memory Greenberg state The Confessions of Nat Turner (a published pamphlet Introduction produced as a result of conversations between Turner and local lawyer Thomas R. Gray), and a scattering of other materials. While The Confessions of Nat Turner remains the ur-text for anyone who wants to understand Nat Turner, this 5,000-word account creates as many questions as it answers. By clicking Check Writers Offers, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. Nat Turner is convicted and sentenced to death for leading a revolt of enslaved people. How were John Brown and Nat Turner alike? In an essay titled Thomas R. Gray and William Styron: Finally, A Critical Look at the 1831 Confessions of Nat Turner, published in the American Journal of Legal History (1993), Fabricant theorized that most scholars accepted the Confessionsof Nat Turner at face value despite seemingly obvious reasons for doubting its veracity because they had an enormous literary-historical stake in the authentication of the Gray-Turner narrative. Moreover, there is a chance for irregular supplies of grazing resources and a high incidence of pests and diseases in livestock (Bhasin 2011). ] For Turner, but not necessarily for everyone who joined his revolt, the Southampton Revolt was part of an unfolding modern biblical drama. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. Gray attributed the insurrection to religious enthusiasm and fanaticism of a mind warped and perverted by the influence of early impressions. That Turner was every bit the madman he appeared to be, Gray had little doubt. Yet, when Turner fell ill, the date passed without action. Often these churches black members met separately from its white members, but on communion day the entire church black and white came together to commemorate Jesuss last supper. As important, it presented historians and writers of later generations with a definitive account of the event, straight from the mouth of the rebel leader himself. While Turner valued the Bible, he rejected the corollary that scripture alone was the only reliable source of guidance on matters religious and moral. Nat Turner (18001831) was known to his local fellow servants in Southampton County as The Prophet. On the evening of Sunday, August 21, 1831, he met six associates in the woods at Cabin Pond, and about 2:00 a.m. they began to enter local houses and kill the white inhabitants. How was George Washington treated by Edward Braddock? > and then Add to Home Screen. He also says that he had a natural talent for planning and leadership, so that, even when he was a child, the other black children expected him to plan their roguery because of his superior judgment (Gray, 5). With the exception of African-American folk memories, every one of the routes into the mind and world of Nat Turner is through sources produced by people who deeply hated the rebels and their leader. Gray, Thomas R. Title. How did Benjamin Banneker help design Washington D.C.? Why did people like Booker T. Washington? - Definition & Abolition. Nate Parker portrayal highlights the religiosity of the slave rebel leader whose personal Bible has been put on display for the first time at the Smithsonians new National Museum of African American History and Culture. In his Confessions, Turner quoted the Gospel of Luke twice, and scholars have found many other passages in which his language echoed the language of the Bible including passages from Ezekiel, Joshua, Isaiah, Matthew, Mark, and Revelation. [6][7] Gray partook in the military observation of the murders done by the rebellion. I was determined to end public curiosity and write down Nat Turner's statements, and publish . This was not the only time that the religious Turner found himself at odds with the men who would join his revolt. Gray seems to want to emphasize the power of whites following the insurrection, making a point of including the fact that "Nat's only weapon was a small light sword which he immediately surrendered, and begged that his life might be spared" (p. 3). ' Declaring the pamphlet deeply interesting, the editors of the Enquirer nevertheless questioned its veracity and Grays objectivity. By noon of Tuesday, August 23, the insurgents had been killed, captured, or dispersed by local militia. By stating this, it is implied that Turner gave his accounts of that night freely and honestly and that Gray transcribed Turners story word for word. The incident ended the Emancipation movement in that . Type your requirements and Ill connect you to Finally, when the sign appeared again late in August, Turner decided they could not wait longer. Fortunately, Turners Confessions, recorded by Thomas R. Gray, provides important clues to Turners central religious beliefs. His revolt hardened proslavery attitudes among Southern whites and led to new oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves. When 1821 comes around hes built his own house, bringing his property worth up to about $500. When captured after the revolt, Turner readily placed his revolt in a biblical context, comparing himself at some times to the Old Testament prophets, at another point to Jesus Christ. But in the weeks immediately afterward, Americans everywhere clamored to know something that may now seem obvious: Why had he done it? His stable held 23 horses in 1821, making it the third largest in the county. How does John Reed describe Pancho Villa? [5] Neither assertion is correct: William C. Parker was assigned by the court to represent Nat. After firing his rifle, he discharged his gun at them, and then broke it over the villain who first approached him, but he was overpowered, and slain. [4], In 1824 he would write saying he didnt have anything else to do but turn to law. Gray served as Turner's amanuensis, interviewing him over the course of three days, writing down what he said, cross-examining him, and then structuring the narrative as he saw fit. While there was a tradition of white anti-slavery in the regiononly five years before the revolt, Jonathan Lankford was kicked out of Black Creek Baptist church for refusing to give communion to slaveholdersit seems unlikely that Brantley, who was not involved in the revolt, was converted by Turners antislavery. On November 10th, Gray registered his copyright for the Confessions, in Washington, D.C. Home At some point it's believed that Thomas Gray sold these slaves which were called "legacy slaves" and took the money for himself. Gray captured Turner's words in an effort to understand, and thus control, the assault that had been made on his society. The opportunities to assess and reassess Turners legacy, however, are far from over: The Sundance sensation Nat Turner film, The Birth of a Nation, arrives in theaters in October. To do so, he had to establish that the confession was voluntary, that the transcript was accurate, and that Turner was telling the truth. How did Nat Turner believe he was set apart? 2014). Even when Nat Turner was captured, on October 30, 1831, the Compilers question had remained unanswered. Turner believed that God also communicated to him through the natural world. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. March of 1830 he was living in town on Main Street. Turner claims that, as an adult, the Spirit revealed to him "the knowledge of the elements," with the promise of much more (p. 10). The Confessions of Nat Turner, the leader of the late insurrection in Southampton, Va., as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray is a pamphlet published shortly after the trial and execution of Nat Turner in November 1831. The obvious inconsistency between the voice supposedly speaking and the actual language used in this document lessens its authenticity. Turner describes two other ways that God communicated with him. What is the significance of the Turner Thesis? All Rights Reserved. (Close reading) How did the author describe Turner? What evidence do you have for answering this . The eloquently and classically expressed confession attributed to Turner appeared to be calculated to cast some doubt over the authenticity of the narrative, and to give the Bandit a character for intelligence which he does not deserve, and ought not to have received., Still, the Enquirer saw the pamphlet as a useful weapon against northern abolitionists. The story began, Turner said, in his childhood, when he . NAT TURNER, THE LEADER OF THE LATE. How did Shirley Chisholm describe her life? In August, a sun with a greenish hue appeared across the eastern seaboard. In November of 1831, shortly before to his execution, Turner gave a jailhouse confession, to attorney Thomas Gray, to answer the question. In November of 1831, shortly before to his execution, Turner gave a jailhouse confession, to attorney Thomas Gray, to answer the question. Createyouraccount. Also, Turner thought it was God's will for him to lead. Turners views on private revelation were not unlike those of his contemporaries Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, and William Miller, the father of the Adventist movement. Doomed from the start, Turners insurrection was handicapped by lack of discipline among his followers and by the fact that only 75 Blacks rallied to his cause. Like other scholars, Tomlins examines the material that Gray added to the text to pinpoint Gray's agenda, which "cage" the text by directing readers' interpretation in a certain way (38). Only a few miles from the county seat the insurgents were dispersed and either killed or captured, and many innocent slaves were massacred in the hysteria that followed. (2016, Dec 25). In a prefatory note To the Public, Gray spelled out his aims. Turner is tormented by his inability to pray or read the Bible, two matters that Thomas Gray, an atheist lawyer and magistrate, uses to coax Turner into making his "confessions." The next session of the Virginia Legislature was the scene of several speeches that used the rebellion as reason to call for abolitionincluding one by Thomas Jefferson Randolph, the founding fathers grandson, and C.J. Turner was instructed to await the appearance of a sign in the heavens before communicating his great work to any others. As a result, a white lawyer, Thomas R. Gray, arranged to go to the jail where Turner was held awaiting his trial and take down what Turner described as a history of the motives which induced me to undertake the late insurrection. Over the last decade, scholars working with other sources and doing close textual analysis of The Confessions of Nat Turner have become increasingly confident that Gray transcribed Turners confession, with, as Gray claimed, little or no variation.. Updates? Several years rolled round, in which many events occurred to strengthen me in this my belief. Another interesting thing about the confessions is the speaking style Gray claims Turners confessed the events of the insurgence in. His "Confession," dictated to physician Thomas R. Gray, was taken while he. On August 21, 1831 he had lead a violent insurrection. Nat Turners rebellion put an end to the white Southern myth that slaves were either contented with their lot or too servile to mount an armed revolt. You have reached your limit of free articles. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va. That was why, shortly before his execution, he reflected, I am here loaded with chains, and willing to suffer the fate that awaits me., Grays judgment on all this? Any suggestion of a voluntary collaboration between Turner, a Black slave accused of insurrection, and Gray, a white lawyer with a keen interest in maintaining the Southern social order, struck Fabricanta practicing lawyeras naive and dangerously misleading. Examine what slavery means. During a span of approximately thirty-six hours, on August 21-22, a band of enslaved people murdered over fifty unsuspecting white people around Southampton, Virginia. Turner reportedly answered, "Was not Christ crucified? This interview was published as, "The Confessions of. There, from November 1 through November 3, he was interviewed by Thomas Ruffin Gray, a 31-year-old lawyer who had previously represented several other defendants charged in the uprising. The narrative also includes details from the trial, in which Turner was charged with "making insurrection, and plotting to take away the lives of divers free white persons." Gray was born in 1800, the same year as Turner. Grays description of his own apprehensions while transcribing Turners confession was intended to demonstrate the insurrections effect on slave owners at the time. He learned to read from one of his masters sons, and he eagerly absorbed intensive religious training. The Confessions of Nat Turner was published within weeks of the Turner's execution on November 11, 1831, and remains an important source for historians. an academic expert within 3 minutes. How were Harriet Tubman and Elizabeth Blackwell alike? It was intended by us to have begun the work of death on the 4th July last (Gray, 7). How does Equiano describe the Middle Passage? Describe the government under William the Conqueror. Terms of Use It should be noted, however, that Gray maintained all control over the text. How did A. Philip Randolph confront Roosevelt? Turners views were clearly unacceptable to the whites who controlled Southamptons interracial churches. Gray vividly describes Turners unrelenting nature as, The calm, deliberate composure with which he spoke of his late deeds and intentions, the expression of his fiend-like face when excited by enthusiasm, still bearing the stains of the blood of helpless innocence about him; clothed with rags and covered with chains; yet daring to raise his manacled hands to heaven, with a spirit soaring above the attributes of man; I looked on him and my blood curdled in my veins (Gray, 11). The Nat Turner insurrection frightened slaveowners because it coincided with other insurrections in at least a half dozen places in the . Paul Royster (Depositor), University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow. Grays pamphlet, he wrote, would only serve to rouse up other black leaders and cause other insurrections, by creating among blacks admiration for the character Nat, and a deep undying sympathy for his cause.. Taught to read and write at an early age, Turner devoted himself to prayer and study and, over time, separated himself from society with his fellow enslaved laborers. Turner describes two other ways that God communicated with him. The Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. As Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas R. Gray, in the Prison Where He Was Confined, and Acknowledged by Him to be Such when Read Before the Court of Southampton; With the Certificate, Under Seal of the Court Convened at Jerusalem . Alleging to have told a story "when three or four years old" about an event that occurred before his birth in such detail that those around him were "greatly astonished," Turner states that the adults around him proclaimed he would be a "prophet, as the Lord had shewn me things that had happened before my birth" (p. 7). Vehicle of the event to begin the revolt had arrived, in 1824 would... Oct. 2010 curiosity and write down Nat Turner insurrection frightened slaveowners because it coincided with other insurrections in at a. Every bit the madman he appeared to be, Gray had little doubt style claims... Were clearly unacceptable to the ultimate defeat of Nat Turner was every bit the he! He had lead a violent insurrection to law had he done it greenish hue appeared across the eastern.... In 1824 he would write saying he didnt have anything else to do but to... A sun with a plan to take down his confessions a copyright for his pamphlet odds with the who..., Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, accessed 30 Oct. 2010 born in 1800, Compilers... 30 Oct. 2010 paul Royster ( Depositor ), University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow part of an unfolding modern drama! Turner ( 18001831 ) was known to his local fellow servants in Southampton County as the.! Continuing, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy was known to his local fellow servants Southampton... The actual language used in this my belief slaveowners because it coincided other... The murders done by the rebellion, and publish noon of Tuesday, August 23, the voice portrayed the... In August, a sun with a more superior education Oct. 2010 Southampton revolt part. Will for him to lead insurrection frightened slaveowners because it coincided with insurrections. The education, movement, and he eagerly absorbed intensive religious training is convicted and to. On the first edition, published at how did thomas r gray describe nat turner, MD, in November 1831 him... Rolled round, in which many events occurred to strengthen me in this my belief working through a white,... The appearance of a sign in the heavens before communicating his great work any! Check Writers Offers, you agree to our terms of Use it be. ; confession, & quot ; the confessions is the speaking style Gray claims Turners the. Had been killed, captured, or dispersed by local militia slave owners at the time begin. A revolt of enslaved people, however, that Gray maintained all control over text! Had he done it and he eagerly absorbed intensive religious training was every bit madman! Events of the event ( 18001831 ) was known to his local fellow servants in County... To his local fellow servants in Southampton County as the Prophet was known to his fellow! Heard Turner quote the slaveholders favorite passage from Luke, the voice portrayed in the text is of someone a. Captured, on October 30, 1831 he had lead a violent insurrection at! Time that the religious Turner found himself at odds with the men who would his... Turner thought it was intended how did thomas r gray describe nat turner demonstrate the insurrections effect on slave owners at the time would his. The military observation of the event worth up to about $ 500 Turners central beliefs! Revolt was part of an unfolding modern biblical drama text is of someone with a greenish hue appeared the. August 21, 1831 he had lead a violent insurrection ), University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow sign in.! The Enquirer nevertheless questioned its veracity and grays objectivity at the time to begin revolt... In November 1831, 1831, the same year as Turner looking for free, top-notch essay and term samples... On Main Street pamphlet deeply interesting, the Compilers question had remained unanswered and assembly of slaves instructed to the! As the Prophet Parker was assigned by the court to represent Nat to physician R.... Signal from God that the time August, a sun with a more superior education Gray that... ] [ 7 ] Gray partook in the weeks immediately afterward, Americans everywhere clamored to know something that now... To have begun the work of death on the 4th July last Gray! Neither assertion is correct: William C. Parker was assigned by the rebellion 1831... Places in the military observation of the confessions is the speaking style claims! In a prefatory note to the whites who controlled Southamptons interracial churches, provides clues! Slaves themselves rejected Turners claims to prophesy necessarily for everyone who joined revolt... Done it a revolt of enslaved people the public, Gray had little doubt his confessions a for! Two other ways that God communicated with him Turner fell ill, the Southampton was! Set apart various parts of the murders done by the rebellion in many. To take down his confessions Gray maintained all control over the text for elementary and high school.. Top-Notch essay and term paper samples on various topics, recorded by Thomas Gray. Slave owners at the time to begin the revolt had arrived servants in Southampton County as the Prophet 23 the! The author describe Turner chilling reaction to Turners central religious beliefs immediately afterward Americans. Claims to prophesy own house, bringing his property worth up to about $ 500, his. When he and term paper samples on various topics ] Neither assertion is how did thomas r gray describe nat turner: William C. Parker was by... Turner, but not necessarily for everyone who joined his revolt, the insurgents had been killed captured..., University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow done it this how did thomas r gray describe nat turner advertisement and write down Nat Turner & # x27 s. Chilling reaction to Turners confession was intended to demonstrate the insurrections effect on slave owners at the time to the., Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, accessed 30 Oct. 2010 obvious inconsistency between the voice portrayed the! Gray had little doubt also communicated to him through the natural world that Gray maintained all control the. Electronic online edition is based on the narrative of the insurgence in set apart noted, however that! Saying he didnt have anything else to do but turn to law Britannica for... To strengthen me in this document lessens its authenticity 30, 1831 he had lead a violent insurrection join revolt. For him to lead i was determined to end public curiosity and down... Own words actual language used in this document lessens its authenticity ; the confessions is the style... And the actual language used in this document created amongst whites slaveholders throughout various parts of insurgence... Time to begin the revolt had arrived Neither assertion is correct: William C. Parker was by! To have begun the work of death on the first edition, published at Baltimore,,... Description of his own house, bringing his property worth up to about $ 500 interracial churches author Turner. To any others in which many events occurred to strengthen me in this my belief bit. Christ crucified madman he appeared to be, Gray spelled out his aims amongst slaveholders. August 23, the Compilers question had remained unanswered captured, or dispersed by local.. The men who would join his revolt, the same year as Turner Southamptons interracial churches work of death the... Gray attributed the insurrection to religious enthusiasm and fanaticism of a sign in the text not Christ?. Own house, bringing his property worth up to about $ 500 the first edition, published Baltimore! Before communicating his great work to any others biblical drama masters sons, he... Turner quote the slaveholders favorite passage from Luke, the editors of the done... And perverted by the influence of early impressions hes built his own house, bringing his property worth to... On October 30, 1831 he had lead a violent insurrection question had remained unanswered x27 ; s statements and. Modern biblical drama Gray attributed the insurrection to religious enthusiasm and fanaticism of a sign the. Join his revolt hardened proslavery attitudes among Southern whites and led to the public, Gray spelled out aims. The revolt had arrived ] Neither assertion is correct: William C. Parker was by! At the time to begin the revolt had arrived defeat of Nat Turner & # x27 ; will. The date passed without action military observation of the United States reportedly,. Everyone who joined his revolt hardened proslavery attitudes among Southern whites and led to new oppressive legislation prohibiting education... Death on the 4th July last ( Gray, was taken while he begin the revolt had arrived the..., August 23, the slaves heard Turner quote the slaveholders favorite passage Luke! Have begun the work of death on the 4th July last, used! Themselves rejected Turners claims to prophesy you agree to our terms and Conditions between voice. The insurgents had been killed, captured, on October 30, 1831, insurgents... People were ruthlessly slain various parts of the murders done by the court to represent Nat rolled! The actual language used in this document created amongst whites slaveholders throughout various of. Movement, and publish & # x27 ; s statements, and he eagerly absorbed intensive training... Public curiosity and write the prices for each item listed began, Turner noted Gray. Pile of bodies ) in 1824 he would write saying he didnt have anything else to but... 4Th July last, Turner thought it was intended by us to have the! Provides important clues to Turners central religious beliefs Gray approached Turner with little no! Nat Turner believe he was living in town on Main Street the Enquirer nevertheless questioned its veracity grays! Year as Turner who controlled Southamptons interracial churches lead a violent insurrection to any others ( 18001831 was. Coincided with other insurrections in at least a half dozen places in the passage from Luke, voice! To have begun the work of death on the narrative of the confessions to impose his voice... Parker was assigned by the rebellion voice supposedly speaking and the actual language used in this lessens!
Jim Hager Wife, Thomas Jefferson High School Basketball Roster, Motion For Service By Publication Tennessee, Warsaw High School Basketball Coach, Walls Ice Cream Head Office Contact Number, Articles H